Mesopotâmia
uma antiga terra em perigo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2023v14i3p205-223Palavras-chave:
Mesopotâmia, Irrigação por gotejamento, Irrigação subterrânea, Hidropônica e RiosResumo
Há alguns milhares de anos, a antiga Mesopotâmia tornou-se a primeira civilização que criou infraestruturas de água para impulsionar os sistemas agrícolas nativos. Aquela civilização criou os primeiros sistemas de irrigação conhecidos pela humanidade. Os antigos mesopotâmios também ganharam sucesso na criação de uma agricultura bem sucedida, impulsionada pela irrigação, em condições áridas e semi-áridas. Paradoxalmente, este sucesso com sistemas de irrigação tornou-se um fator importante que desencadeou o colapso da antiga Mesopotâmia. Podemos agora inferir que os mesopotâmios não compreenderam as relações cruciais entre a água, o solo, as culturas e as boas práticas agrícolas. Esta falta de entendimento continua até aos dias de hoje. A invenção dos sistemas de irrigação gota a gota permitiu que os humanos modernos reivindicassem alguma medida de sucesso sustentável em técnicas agrícolas praticadas em zonas desertas, zonas áridas, etc. Estas técnicas permitem aos agro-cultivares modernos alcançar um bom equilíbrio entre solo, culturas e água. Os sistemas de irrigação gota a gota também promovem outras formas de inovação moderna, tais como métodos e práticas agrícolas sem solo.
Referências
*---- Primary Source
*---- FAO (2020), “Cotton” [Online: web] Accessed on 8th September 2020 URL: http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/cotton/en/# :~:text=The%20length%20of%20the%20total,flower%20opening%20to%20mature%20boll.
*---- Jain Irrigation (2014), “Precision Farm Rice with Jain Irrigation” [Online: we b] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: http://jisl.co.in/PDF/Company/Precision Farming_Rice_with_Jain _Technology.pdf
*---- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Israel (MARD) (2010), “Irrigated Agriculture – The Israeli Experience” [Online: web] Accessed on 15th May 2018 URL: http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/2012/ 16_Israel_Water_Sector-Water_and_Agriculture.pdf
*---- UNCTAD (2010) “Irrigated Agriculture – The Israeli Experience”, [Online: web] Accessed on 15th May 2018 URL: https://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd/docs /cstd2010d09_Israel_en.pdf
Adamowski & Khalil (2014), “Dew Water Harvesting Project”, [Online: web] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: https://www.mcgill.ca/sustainability /files/sustainability/sp0098_dew_water_harvesting_final_report.pdf
Altaweel (2013), Simulating the effects of salinization on irrigation agriculture in southern Mesopotamia”, in T.J. Wilkinson, M. Gibson, J. Christiansen and M. Widell (eds.) Models of Mesopotamian Landscapes How small-scale processes contributed to the growth of early civilizations, Archaeopress: Oxford, UK.
Bagg (2012), “Irrigation”, in D.T. Potts (eds.) A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom
Bansal et.al. (2018), “On-Farm Drip Irrigation in Rice for Higher Productivity and Profitability in Haryana, India” [Online: web] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: https://www.ijcmas.com/7-2-2018/Rajeev%20Bansal,%20et%20al.pdf.
Blackwell et.al. (2004), “Can Australian and Asian Irrigation Areas be Environmentally Sustainable and Retain their Economic Viability?”, [Online: web] Accessed on 5th May 2018 URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download ?doi=10.1.1.525.8896 &rep=rep1 &type =pdf
Butzer (2012), “Collapse, environment, and society”, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) 109(10): 3632-3639.
Camp & Lamm (2014), “Irrigation Systems, Subsurface Drip”, [Online: web] Accessed on 24th July 2020 URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication /43270673_Irrigation_systems_subsurface_drip/citation/download
Christensen (1998), “Middle Eastern Irrigation: Legacies and Lessons”, in Jane Coppock & Joseph A. Miller (eds.) Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments: Legacies and Lessons [Online: web] Accessed on 5th May URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232776242.pdf
Chrobak (2018), “Corn with Straw Mulch Builds Yield, Soil Carbon”, [Online: web] Accessed on 16th August 2020 URL: https://www.crops.org/news/science-news/corn-straw-mulch-builds-yield-soil-carbon
Dalley (1993), “Ancient Mesopotamia Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved”, Garden History 21(1), 1-13.
Dripdepot (2017), “The History of Drip Irrigation”, [Online: web] Accessed on 5th June 2020 url: https://help.dripdepot.com/support/solutions/articles/11000044434-the-history-of-drip-irrigation
Dunn (1929), “Plant ‘Pills’ Grow Bumper Crops”, [Online: web] Accessed on 7th September 2020 URL: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VigDAAAAMB AJ&p =PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Dutta & Majumdar (2009), “Effect of mulching on post-harvest quality of guava cv. L-49 grown in red and laterite tract of West Bengal”, Advances in Horticultural Science, 23(3): 175-178.
Gardener (2020), “What Is Mulching and its Advantages?”, [Online : web] Accessed on 1st September 2020 URL: https://gardeningbank.com/what-is-mulching-and-its-advantages/
Hole (2007), “Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East”, Climate of the Past, 3: 193-203.
Horovitz (2013), “How Israel beat the drought”, [Online: Web] Accessed on 5th February 2018 URL: https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-israel-beat-the-drought/
Howard & Borunda (2014), “8 mighty rivers run dry from overuse” [Online: web] Accessed on 9th September 2020 URL: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/enviro nment/photos/rivers-run-dry/
Jacobsen & Adams (1958), “Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture”, American Association for the Advancement of Science 128(3334): 1251-1258.
Kotzen (2015), “Innovation and Evolution of Forms and Materials for Maximising Dew Collection”, [Online: web] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benz_Kotzen/publication/285630320_Innovation_and_evolution_of_forms_and_materials_for_maximising_dew_collection/links/570cd2d408aed31341ce4791/Innovation-and-evolution-of-forms-and-materials-for-maximising-dew-collection.pdf?origin=publication_detail
Lallanilla (2014), “What is Due Point”, [Online: web] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: https://www.livescience.com/43269-what-is-dew-point.html
Leichman (2019), “The top 12 ways Israel is Feeding the World”, [Online: web] Accessed on 15th August 2020 URL: https://www.israel21c.org/the-top-12-ways-isr ael ]-feeds-the-world/
Leick (2003), “The Babylonians: An Introduction, London: Routledge.
Megersa & Abdulahi (2015), “Irrigation System in Israel: A Review”, International Journal of Water Resource and Environmental Engineering 7(3): 29-37.
Minaev & Maslov (2009), “History of Land Improvement” in B.S. Maslov (eds.) Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation – Vol. I [Online: web] Accessed on 5th June 2018 URL: https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters /C10 /E5 -09-01-02.pdf
Mohammed (2014), “Textbook: Canal Structure at Mesopotamia”, [Online: web] Accessed on 8th April 2018 URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication /275212480_Textbook_Canal_Structure_at_Mesopotamia
National Geographic (2009), “Silt”, [online: web] Accessed on 25th January 2018 URL: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/silt/
Norton (2017), “The Life Cycle of a Rose Plant”, [Online: web] Accessed on 7th September 2020 URL: https://www.gardenguides.com/75538-rose-flower-reproduce .html
SF Gate Contributor (2020), “How Long Do Sweet Peas Take to Grow Before They Bloom?” [Online: web] Accessed on 8th September 2020 URL: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/long-sweet-peas-grow-before-bloom-60015.html
Soman (2012), “Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Technology for Rice Cultivation”, [Online: web] Accessed on 18th May 2018 URL: https://events.development.asia/ system/files/materials/2012/04/201204-drip-irrigation-and-fertigation-technology-rice-cultivation.pdf
Tal (2015), “Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the
Tamburrino (2010), “Water Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia”, in Larry W. Mays (eds.) Ancient Water Technologies, Springer: USA
Telkar (2017), “Types of Mulching and their uses for dryland condition”, [Online: web] Accessed on 1st September 2020 URL: researchgate.net/publication/32035 6488_Types_of_Mulching_and_their_uses_for_dryland_condition/link/59e02afd458515371601626b/download
WeatherStreet (2019), “What is the dew point temperature?” [Online: web] Accessed on 5th September 2020 URL: https://weatherstreet.com/weatherquestions /What_is_dewpoint_temperature.htm#:~:text=While%20relative%20humidity%20is%20(as,and%20sometimes%20exceeds%2080%20degrees.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Esta obra está licenciada sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição - No comercial - Sin derivaciones 4.0 Internacional
1.O(s) autor(es) autoriza(m) a publicação do artigo na revista;
2.O(s) autor(es) garante(m) que a contribuição é original e inédita e que não está em processo de avaliação em outra(s) revista(s);
3.A revista não se responsabiliza pelas opiniões, ideias e conceitos emitidos nos textos, por serem de inteira responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es);
4.É reservado aos editores o direito de proceder ajustes textuais e de adequação do artigos às normas da publicação.
1.1 Copyright Statement
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivers 4.0 International license.
1. The author (s) authorize the publication of the article in the journal;
2. The author (s) warrant that the contribution is original and unpublished and is not in the process of being evaluated in other journal (s);
3. The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts emitted in the texts, as they are the sole responsibility of its author (s);
4. The editors are entitled to make textual adjustments and to adapt the articles to the standards of publication.
