Age-Friendly Cities Performance Index: proposal of model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2021v24i2p39-64Keywords:
Active ageing, Decision-making process, Performance measures, Social validation.Abstract
The aim of this research was to build an index model capable of assessing and monitoring the performance of cities as age-friendly ones. The hierarchy of the variables was determined using the "Hierarchical Process Analysis" technique based on the weight assigned by the social actors in a selected municipality in northern Portugal (Trofa). The "Principal Component Analysis" resulted in the Age-Friendly Cities Performance Index (AgeCPI) model, with 29 indicators validated by the participation of the Local Council of Social Action. This case study, evidence the potentiality of the model for the diagnosis of the municipality status, in relation to all municipalities participating in the research.
References
Beard, J. R., and Montawi, B. (2015). Age and the environment: The global movement towards age-friendly cities and communities. Journal of Social Work Practice, 29(1), 5-11. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2014.993944.
Boudiny, K. (2013). ‘Active ageing’: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool. Ageing and Society, 33, 1077-1098. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0144686X1200030X.
Buckner, S., Pope, D., Mattocks, C., Lafortune, L., Dherani, M., and Bruce, N. (2017). Developing Age-Friendly Cities: An Evidence-Based Evaluation Tool. Journal of Population Ageing, 1-21. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-017-9206-2.
Buffel, T., McGarry, P., Phillipson, C., De Donder, L., Dury, S., De Witte, N., Smetcoren, A. S., and Verte, D. (2014). Developing age-friendly cities: Case studies from Brussels and Manchester and implications for policy and practice. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 26(1-2), 52-72. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2014.855043.
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., and Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing 'age-friendly' cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597-617. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2014.993944.
Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (2009). Envejecimiento activo: contribuciones de la Psicologia. Translated by Juan Padilla Moreno. Madrid, España: Ediciones Pirámide.
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Robine, J. M., Walker, A., and Kalache, A. (2013). Active Ageing: A Global Goal. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, Article ID 298012. (4 pages). Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/298012.
Fontaine, R. (2000). Psicologia do Envelhecimento. Translated by José Nunes de Almeida. Lisboa, Portugal: Climepsi Editors.
HelpAge International (2013). Global AgeWatch Index 2013: Insight report. Retrieved on April 04, 2020, from: http://www.globalagewatch.org.
Hutchison, T., Morrison, P. and Mikhaylovich, K. (2006). A Review of the Literature on Active Ageing. Prepared for the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing by the Healthpact Research Centre for Health Promotion and Wellbeing. Retrieved on April 14, 2019, from: http://www.canberra.edu.au/centres/healthpact/attachments/pdf/active-ageing.pdf.
INE. (2011). Censos 2011. Retrieved on April 24, 2020, from: http://www.ine.pt
Lawton, M. P., and Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In: Eisdorfer, C. and Lawton, M. P. (Eds.) The psychology of adult development and aging. (pp. 619-674. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10044-020.
Liberatore, M. J., & Nydick, R, L. (2008). The analytic hierarchy process in medical and health care decision making: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 194-207. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v189y2008i1p194-207.html.
Lynott, R. J., and Lynott, P. P. (1996). Tracing the course of theoretical development in the sociology of ageing. The Gerontologist, 36(6), 749-760. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/36.6.749.
Marques, S., Batista, M., and Silva, P. A. da. (2012). A promoção do envelhecimento ativo em Portugal: preditores da aceitação de um chefe mais velho. Sociologia, Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. (Número temático: Envelhecimento demográfico, 2), 53-73. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4265/426539987005.pdf.
McMullin, J. A. (2000). Diversity and the State of Sociological Ageing Theory. The Gerontologist, 40(5), 517-530. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/40.5.517.
Muenz, R. (2007). Ageing and Demographic Change in European Societies: Main Trends and Alternative Policy Options. Hamburg Institute for International Economics. SP Discussion Paper. n.o 703. Social Protection, World Bank. Retrieved on October 22, 2020, from: http://www.monitoringris.org/new/admin/documents/tools_reg/agingdemochange.pdf.
Okuma, S. S. (1998). O idoso e a atividade física: fundamentos e pesquisas. São Paulo, SP: Papirus.
Oliveira, A. and Amaral, V. (2007). A análise factorial de correspondências na investigação em psicologia: Uma aplicação ao estudo das representações sociais do suicídio adolescente. Análise Psicológica, 2(XXV), 271-293. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://publicacoes.ispa.pt/index.php/ap/article/view/446.
Paúl, C. (1997). Lá para o fim da vida: idosos, família e meio ambiente. Coimbra, Portugal: Almedina.
Paúl, C. Envelhecimento activo e redes de suporte social (2005). Sociologia, Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 15(1), 275-287. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/Sociologia/article/view/2392.
Paúl, C., and Ribeiro, O. (2012). Introdução ao Manual de Gerontologia. In: Paúl, C., and Ribeiro, O. (Eds.). Manual de Gerontologia: aspetos biocomportamentais, psicológicos e sociais do envelhecimento, pp. XVII- XX, Lisboa, Portugal: Lidel.
Paúl, C., Ribeiro, O., and Teixeira, L. (2012). Active Ageing: An Empirical Approach to the WHO Model. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, Article ID 382972. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/382972.
Phillipson, C. (2015). Developing age-friendly urban communities: Critical issues for public policy. Public Policy & Aging Report, 25(1), 4-8. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/pru052.
Phillipson, C., White, S., Aftab, F. and Hammond, M. (2013). Old Moat: Age-friendly neighbourhood report. Manchester: Southway Housing Trust. Retrieved on April 12, 2020, from: http://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/micra/oldmoatreport110413.pdf.
Pinheiro, F. A., Tato Diogo, M., Sousa Góis, J. E., and Paúl, C. (2015). Age-Friendly Cities Performance Assessment Indicators System Validation. Psychology, 6, 622-632. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.65060.
Pinheiro, F. A., Diogo, M. T., Paúl, C., and Góis, J. E. de S. (2018). Age-Friendly Cities Performance Assessment Indicators System hierarchization. Revista Kairós-Gerontologia, 21(4), 31-54. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2018v21i4p31-54.
Plouffe, L., and Kalache, A. (2010). Towards global age-friendly cities: Determining urban features that promote active aging. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 733. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9466-0.
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2015). Age-friendly communities evaluation guide using indicators to measure progress. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved on May 09, 2020, from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/indicators-indicateurs-eng.php.
Ribeiro, O., and Paúl, C. (2011). Envelhecimento Activo. In: Ribeiro, O. and Paúl, C. (Eds.). Envelhecimento Activo (pp. 1-12). Lisboa, Portugal: Lidel Edições Técnicas.
Ruza, J., Kim, J. I., Leung, I., Kam, C., and Ng, S. Y. M. (2015). Sustainable, age-friendly cities: An evaluation framework and case study application on Palo Alto, California. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 390-396. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.05.013.
Santánna, R. M. de, Câmara, P., and Braga, M. G. de C. (2003). Mobilidade na Terceira Idade: como planejar o futuro? Textos sobre Envelhecimento [online], 6(2), 5-6. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://www.rbgg.com.br/arquivos/edicoes/TSE%206-2.pdf.
Satariano, W. A. (2006). Epidemiology of Ageing: An Ecological Approach. Berkeley, USA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Secretaria Estadual de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social, SEADS (2008). Plano Estadual para a Pessoa Idosa – Futuridade. São Paulo, SP: Fundação SEADE. Retrieved on August 12, 2020, from: http://www.desenvolvimentosocial.sp.gov.br.
Silva, M. G., Cândido, G. A., and Martins, M. F. (2009). Método de Construção do Índice de Desenvolvimento Local Sustentável: Uma Proposta Metodológica e Aplicada. Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, 11(1), 55-72. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: http://deag.ufcg.edu.br/rbpa/rev111/Art1118.pdf.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) / European Commission (2019). ‘2018 Active Ageing Index: Analytical Report’, Report prepared by Giovanni Lamura and Andrea Principi. Retrieved on April 25, 2020, from: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/pau/age/Active_Ageing_Index/Stakeholder_Meeting/active_ageing_index_trends2008-2016_web_cover_reduced.pdf.
United Nations. (2002). Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. A/CONF.197/9. New York: United Nations publication. Retrieved on August 14, 2020, from: https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Madrid_plan.pdf.
United Nations. (2009). World Population Ageing 2009. Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. New York, USA: Author. Retrieved on June 29, 2020, from: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpa2009/wpa2009_workingpaper.pdf.
United Nations. (2011). Classification of countries by major area and region of the world. World Population Prospects: The 2011 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. New York, USA: Author. Retrieved on June 29, 2020, from: http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup.
Wahl, H.-W., and Weisman, G. D. (2003). Environmental Gerontology at the Beginning of the New Millennium: Reflections on Its Historical, Empirical, and Theoretical Development. The Gerontologist, 43(5), 616-627. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/43.5.616.
Wong, M., Chau, P. H., Cheung, F., Phillips, D. R., and Woo, J. (2015). Comparing the age-friendliness of different neighbourhoods using district surveys: An example from Hong Kong. PloS One, 10(7), e0131526. Retrieved on August 20, 2020, from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131526.
World Health Organization. (2002). Active Ageing: A Policy Framework. WHO/NMH/NPH/02.8, Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Cluster and Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Department Ageing and Life Course. Retrieved on May 29, 2020, from: https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/active_ageing/en/.
World Health Organization. (2007). Global age-friendly cities: a guide. France: Ageing and Life Course, Family and Community Health. Retrieved on May 13, 2020, from: https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Global_age_friendly_cities_Guide_English.pdf.
Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M. M., Lelkes, O.; Marin, B., Rodrigues, R.; Schmidt, A., Vanhuysse, P., and Zolyomi, E. (2013). Active Ageing Index 2012: Concept, Methodology and Final Results. Project: ‘Active Ageing Index (AAI)’, UNECE Grant No: ECE/GC/2012/003, Geneva, Suisse. Retrieved on May 03, 2020, from:file:///C:/Users/Francisco%20Alves/Downloads/Methodology-Paper%20Final.pdf.