Pedidos de desculpas feitos por políticos brasileiros: uma visão da pragmática linguística
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460X202339455898Palabras clave:
pedidos de desculpas, polidez, atos de fala, expressão de atitudeResumen
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar 20 pedidos de desculpas de políticos brasileiros, publicados entre 2010 e 2021, para identificar os elementos linguísticos que os caracterizam, ligados à polidez e à expressão de atitude. Nossa hipótese era de que as expressões de postura e as estratégias de polidez contribuíam para a felicidade dos pedidos de desculpas públicos, atuando, potencialmente, para a conciliação moral entre ofensor e a vítima. Os resultados confirmaram que os pedidos de desculpas de políticos apresentam três características principais: (a) elementos explícitos e convencionalizados de desculpas (IFIDS - illocutionary force indicating devices - Searle, 1969); (b) estratégias de polidez e (c) expressão de atitude. Esses elementos atuaram para que os pedidos de desculpas obtivessem o efeito perlocucionário desejado. Foram também identificados aspectos axiológicos mais amplos, que impactaram o potencial reparador dos pedidos de desculpas.
Citas
Aijmer, K. (2013). Analyzing modal adverbs as modal particles and discourse markers. In L. Degand, B. Cornille & P. Pietrandrea (Eds.), Discourse markers and modal particles: categorization and description (pp. 89-106). John Benjamins Company.
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words. Oxford University Press.
Brown, P., & Levinson, C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J., & Tantucci, V. (2021). The principle of (Im)politeness reciprocity. Journal of Pragmatics, 175, 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.008
Davies, B. (2018). Evaluating evaluations: what different types of metapragmatic behaviour can tell us about participants’ understandings of the moral order. Journal of Politeness Research, 14(1), 121-151. https://doi.org/110.1515/pr-2017-0037
Du Bois, J. W. (2008). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 139-182). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Eelen, G. (2014). A Critique of Politeness Theory: Volume 1. Routledge.
Evans, A. (2016). Stance and identity in Twitter hashtags. Language@Internet, 13(1), 47-63.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodoly. Routledge.
Goffman, E. (1967) On Face-Work. In E. Goffman (Ed.), Interaction Ritual (pp. 5-45). Pantheon.
Govier, T., & Verwoerd, W. (2002). The promise and pitfalls of apology. Journal of Social Philosophy, 33(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9833.00124
Grainger, K., & Harris, S. (2007). Apologies: Introduction. Oxford Press.
Harris, S & Grainger, K., & Mullany, L. (2006). The pragmatics of political apologies. Discourse & Society, 17(6), p. 715-737. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506068429
Holmes, J. (1998). Apologies in New Zealand English. In J. Cheshire & P. Trudgill (Eds.), The Sociolinguistics Reader: Gender and Discourse, v. 2, (pp. 201-39). Arnold.
Jason, A. E. (2010). Apologizing for the Past for a Better Future: Collective Apologies in the United States, Australia, and Canada. Southern Communication Journal, 75(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940902802605
Kampf, Z. (2008). The pragmatics of forgiveness: judgments of apologies in the Israeli political arena. Discourse & Society , 19(5), 577-598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508092244
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (2017). La politesse dans les interactions verbales. Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford University Press.
Locher, M. A., & Watts, R.J. (2008). Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. De Gruyter Mouton.
Locher, M. A. (2014). The relational aspect of language: avenues of research. Proceedings of the Conference of the German Association of University teachers of English, 309-322. http://edoc.unibas.ch/dok/A6243487 (Acessado em 17 março, 2023).
Munanga, K. (2006). Algumas considerações sobre “raça”, ação afirmativa e identidade negra no Brasil: fundamentos antropológicos. Revista USP, 68, 46-57. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i68p46-57
Mazzara, B. (1997). Stereotipi e pregiudizi. Il Mulino.
Miller, V. (2008). New media, networking and phatic culture. Convergence, 14, 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856508094659
Murphy, J. (2014). Apologies in the discourse of politicians: A pragmatic approach. The University of Manchester Press.
Marrus, M. R. (2007). Official apologies and the quest for historical justice. Journal of Human Rights, 6(1), 75-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830601098402
Mendoza-Denton, N. (2002). Language and Identity. In J. K. Chambers & N. Schilling (Eds.), The Handbook of language variation and change (pp. 99-116). John Wiley & Sons.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Oliveira, A. L. A. M., Cunha, G. X, & Miranda, M. V. (2017). Nominalizations as complex strategies of politeness and face-work in scientific papers written in Brazilian Portuguese. Cadernos de estudos linguísticos, 59(2), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.20396/cel.v59i2.8649880
Perini-Loureiro, G. F. M. (2021). Analisando o desqualificável: um estudo sobre pedidos de desculpas de figuras públicas em redes sociais [Tese de doutorado]. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Rajagopalan, K. (2010). The soft ideological underbelly of the notion of intelligibility in discussions about ‘World Englishes’. Applied Linguistics, 31(3), 465-470. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq014
Rühlemann, C., & Aijmer, K. (2015). Corpus Pragmatics: Laying the Foundations. In K. Aijmer & C. Rühlemann (Eds.), Corpus Pragmatics: A Handbook (pp. 1-26). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139057493.001
Santana, V. R., Alexius, S. C., & Sella, A. F. (2016). Até porque: enunciadores que acionam crenças. Travessias, 10(3), 183-193. https://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/travessias/article/view/14898 (Acessado em 23 março, 2023)
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, T. (2010). We Say Sorry: Apology, the Law and Theatricality. Law Text Culture, 14(11), 55-78. https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol14/iss1/5 (Acessado em 23 março, 2023).
Spencer-Oatey, H., & Xing, J. (2019). Interdisciplinary perspectives on interpersonal relations and the evaluation process: Culture, norms, and the moral order. Journal of Pragmatics , 151, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.015
Su, H., & Wei, N. (2018). I’m really sorry about what I said: A local grammar of apology. Pragmatics, 28(3), 439-462. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.17005.su
Simaki, V., Paradis, C., & Kerren, A. (2018). Evaluating stance-annotated sentences from the Brexit Blog Corpus: A quantitative linguistic analysis. ICAME Journal, 42(1), 133-166. https://doi.org/10.1515/icame-2018-0007
Tavuchis, N. (1991). Mea culpa: A sociology of apology and reconciliation. Stanford University Press.
