Law and religion

Reimagining the entanglement of two universals

Authors

  • Mona Oraby Howard University
  • Winnifred Fallers Sullivan Indiana University Bloomington
  • Eduardo R. Cruz Pontificia Universidade Católica de São Paulo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23925/1677-1222.2024vol24i3a29

Keywords:

Religion, Law, State, Legal pluralism, Modernity, Secularism

Abstract

In the last few decades, the study of law and religion has undergone considerable reconstruction. Less and less constrained by modern statist construals of rights talk or tied to confessional contexts, the comparative study of the intersection of law and religion by anthropologists, historians, sociologists, and religious studies scholars is undergoing a real renaissance. Exciting new work explores the entanglement of legal and religious ideas, institutions, and material objects across the entire space and time of human history. This article models an engagement between the academic study of religion and sociolegal scholarship by introducing scholars in both fields to contemporary debates in the study of law and religion. These debates examine how and when state law persists as a meaningful arena of contestation; the role of indigenous elites and arrangements of legal pluralism in colonial contexts; and new approaches to economy, race, and sovereignty and citizenship. By mobilizing an understanding of law that does not take for granted the state’s alleged monopoly on generating and regulating legal normativity, the article argues that holding law and religion in abeyance as normative traditions invites a far more expansive imaging of these universals in their singularity, in their copresence, and as overlapping domains.

Author Biographies

Mona Oraby, Howard University

Ph.D., Northwestern University,  professora assistente de ciência política na Howard University e editora do The Immanent Frame (TIF).

Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, Indiana University Bloomington

Professora Honorária do Departamento de Ciência da Religião, Diretora do Centro de Estudos da Religião e do Humano e Professora Colaboradora da Faculdade de Direito Maurer, Indiana University Bloomington.  

Não possui ORCID

Eduardo R. Cruz, Pontificia Universidade Católica de São Paulo

Professor titular de Ciência da Religião da PUC/SP. Áreas de interesse: Fundamentos da Ciência da Religião; ciências naturais e tradições religiosas; filosofia e história da ciência; religiões seculares

References

AGAMBEN, G. The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government, trad. do Italiano, L. Chiesa (com M. Matarini). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2011.

AGRAMA, H. Questioning Secularism: Islam, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law in Modern Egypt. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2012.

AHMED, F. Religious Freedom under the Personal Law System. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.

AMIEN, W. Overcoming the conflict between the right to freedom of religion and women’s rights to equality: a South African case study of Muslim marriages. Hum. Rights Q. 28:729–54, 2006.

ANDERSON, J.N.D. The Shar¯ı‘a and civil law: the debt owed by the new civil codes of Egypt and Syria to the Shar¯ı‘a. Islam. Q. 1:29–46, 1954.

ANDERSON, M. Islamic law and the colonial encounter in British India. In Islamic Family Law, org. C Mallat, J Connors, pp. 205–23. London: Graham & Trotman, 1989.

AN-NA‘IM, A. A. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari’a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 2010.

ARATO, A, COHEN J. L, BUSKET, A. V., orgs. Forms of Pluralism and Democratic Constitutionalism. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 2018.

ASAD, T. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.

ASAD, T. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2003.

ASHE, M. Beyond Nomos and narrative: unconverted antinomianism in the work of Susan Howe. Yale J. Law Fem. 18:5–59, 2006.

BÂLI, A., LERNER, H., orgs. Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2017.

BARKAN, J. Corporate Sovereignty: Law and Government under Capitalism. Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press, 2013.

BARKER, J. Native Acts: Law, Recognition, and Cultural Authenticity. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2011.

BARKER, J, org. Critically Sovereign: Indigenous Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2017.

BARTEL, R., HULSETHER, L. orgs. Classifying capital: a roundtable. J. Am. Acad. Relig. 87:581–661, 2019.

BASSIOUNI, M.C., org. The Islamic Criminal Justice System. London: Oceana, 1982.

BASSIOUNI, M.C., BADR, G.M. The Shari’ah: sources, interpretation and rule-making. UCLA J. Islam. Near East. Law 1:135–81, 2002.

BATNITSKY, L., BRAFMAN, Y., orgs. Jewish Legal Theories. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2018.

BENTON, L. Law and Colonial Legal Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

BERGER, B. Law’s Religion. Toronto, Can.: Univ. Tor. Press, 2015.

BERGER P., org. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion in World Politics. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999.

BERMAN, H. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983.

BORROWS, J. Drawing Out Law: A Spirit’s Guide. Toronto, Can.: Univ. Tor. Press, 2010.

BOWEN, J.R. Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003.

BROWN, N.J., REVKIN, M. Islamic law and constitutions. In Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law, org. AM Emon, R Ahmed, pp. 779–818. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2018.

CALDWELL, M. Sacred spaces and civic action: topographies of pluralism in Russia. Relig. Soc. 10(1):111–29, 2020.

CALHOUN, C., JUERGENSMEYER, M., VAN ANTWERPEN, J., orgs. Rethinking Secularism. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011.

CARTER, J. Paratheological blackness. South Atl. Q. 112(4):589–611, 2013.

CASANOVA, J. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1994.

CATTELINO, J. High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2007.

CAVANAUGH, W. Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meaning of the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2011.

CHANOCK, M. Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.

CHATTERJEE, N. English law, Brahmo marriage, and the problem of religious difference: civil marriage laws in Britain and India. Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 52:524–52, 2010.

CHATTERJEE, N. The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830–1960. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

CHATTERJEE, N. Negotiating Mughal Law: A Family of Landlords Across Three Indian Empires. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2020.

CHOUDHRY, S., org. Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation? New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008.

COHEN, J.L., LABORDE, C., orgs. Religion, Secularism and Liberal Constitutional Democracy. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2015.

COHN, B.S. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996.

COMAROFF, J.L. Reflections on the rise of legal theology: law and religion in the twenty-first century. Soc. Anal. 53:193–216, 2009.

COMAROFF, J.L., ROBERTS, S.A. Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1981.

CONSTABLE, M. Just Silences: The Limits and Possibilities of Modern Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005.

COOPER, M. Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and New Social Conservatism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.

COULTHARD, G. Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press, 2014.

COVER, R. Foreword: nomos and narrative. Harvard Law Rev. 97:4–66, 1983.

CROUCH, M. Law and religion in Indonesia: the constitutional court and the blasphemy law. Asian J. Comp. Law 7:1–46, 2012.

CROUCH, M. Personal law and colonial legacy. In Islam and the State in Myanmar, org. M. Crouch, pp. 69–95. New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 2016.

CUNO K.M. Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2015.

DARIAN-SMITH, E. Religion, Race, Rights: Landmarks in the History of Modern Anglo-American Law. Oxford, UK: Hart, 2010.

DAS ACEVEDO, D. Temples, courts, and dynamic equilibrium in the Indian constitution. Am. J. Comp. Law 64(4):555–82, 2016.

DEW, S. The Aliites: Race and Law in the Religions of Noble Drew Ali. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2019.

DIXON R., GINSBURG, T. Deciding not to decide: deferral in constitutional design. Int. J. Const. Law 9:636– 72, 2011.

DONIGER, W. The Implied Spider: Politics and Theology in Myth. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1998.

DRESCH, P. Legalism, anthropology, and history: a view from part of anthropology. In Legalism: Anthropology and History, org. P Dresch, H Skoda, pp. 1–38. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.

DRESSLER, M., MANDAIR, A.S., orgs. Secularism and Religion-Making. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011.

DUDLEY JENKINS, L. Identity and Identification in India: Defining the Disadvantaged. Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2003.

DURHAM, C.W., FERRARI, S., CIANITTO, C., THAYER, D., orgs. Law, Religion, Constitution: Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law. London: Routledge, 2013.

DURKHEIM, E. Elementary Forms of Religious Life, transl. K Fields. New York: Free. 1995 (1912).

DWORKIN, R. Law’s Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press, 1986.

EHRLICH, E. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1936.

ELIADE, M. Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return, trad. WR Trask. New York: Harper, 1954 (1949).

ELIADE, M. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, transl. WR Trask. New York: Harcourt, 1959 (1957).

ELIADE, M., org. Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1987

ELTANTAWI, S. Shari‘ah on Trial: Northern Nigeria’s Islamic Revolution. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2017.

EMON, A.M. Codification and Islamic law: the ideology behind a tragic narrative. Middle East Law Gov. 8:275–309, 2016.

ENGEL, D.M., ENGEL, J. Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2010.

FITZGERALD, T. The Ideology of Religious Studies. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000.

FOLEY, M. The Silence of Constitutions: Gaps, “Abeyances” and Political Temperament in the Maintenance of Government. New York: Routledge, 1989.

FOUCAULT, M. Security, Territory, and Population. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978, trad. G Burchell. New York: Picador, 2009.

FOUCAULT, M. Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling: The Function of Avowal in Justice, transl. SW Sawyer. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2012.

FRENCH, R.R. The Golden Yoke: The Legal Cosmology of Buddhist Tibet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1995.

FRENCH, R.R., NATHAN, M.A., orgs. Buddhism and Law: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014.

FULLER, L. Positivism and fidelity to law: a reply to Professor Hart. Harvard Law Rev. 70:630–72, 1958.

GALANTER, M. Hinduism, secularism, and the Indian judiciary. Philos. East West 21:467–87, 1971.

GALANTER, M. Law and Society in Modern India. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989.

GASKILL, S. Moral rehabilitation: religion, race, and reform in America’s incarceration capital. PhD thesis, Univ. N.C., Chapel Hill, NC, 2017.

GAUCHET, M. The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion, trad. O Burge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1997.

GERBNER, K. Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World. Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press, 2018.

GORDON, S. The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth Century America. Chapel Hill: Univ. N.C. Press, 2002.

GORDON, S. The Spirit of the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010.

GRAEBER, D. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2011.

HALEEM, M.A., SHERIF, A.O., DANIELS, K., orgs. Criminal Justice in Islam: Judicial Procedure in the Shari‘a. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003

HALLAQ, WB. Sharı¯‘a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009.

HALLAQ, W.B. The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2014.

HARCOURT, B.E. 2012. The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press

HARDING, A., SHAH, D.A.H., orgs. Law and Society in Malaysia: Pluralism, Religion, and Ethnicity. New York: Routledge, 2018.

HARRISS, M.C. On the eirobiblical: critical mimesis and ironic resistance in The Confessions of Nat Turner. Biblic. Interpret. 21:469–93, 2013.

HART, H.L.A. The Concept of Law. Oxford, UK: Clarendon. 1961.

HEFNER, R.W. Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2011.

HIRSCH, S.F. Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and Discourses in an African Islamic Court. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998.

HIRSCHL, R. Constitutional Theocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010.

HONIG, B. Antigone, Interrupted. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013.

HOROWITZ, D. Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013.

HUSSIN, I.R. The Politics of Islamic Law: Local Elites, Colonial Authority, and the Making of the Muslim State. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2016.

HUXLEY, A., org. Law, Religion and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. New York: Routledge, 2002.

JACOBSOHN, G. The Wheel of Law: India’s Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005.

JAGODINSKY, K. Legal Codes and Talking Trees: Indigenous Women’s Sovereignty in the Sonoran and Puget Sound Borderlands, 1854–1946. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 2016.

JAKOBSEN, J.R., PELLEGRINI, A. Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance. Boston: Beacon, 2004.

JAY, N. Throughout Your Generations Forever: Sacrifice, Religion, and Paternity. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1994.

JOHNSON, G. Sacred Claims: Repatriation and Living Tradition. Charlottesville: Univ. Va. Press, 2007.

JOHNSON, P.C. Law, religion, and “public health” in the Republic of Brazil. Law Soc. Inq. 26(1):9–33, 2001.

JOHNSON, P.C., KLASSEN, P., SULLIVAN, W.F., orgs. Ekklesia: Three Inquiries in Church and State. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2018.

JOHNSON, S. African American Religions, 1500–2000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015.

JOHNSON, S., WEITZMAN, S. The FBI and Religion: Faith and National Security Before and After 9/11. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2017.

JONES, L., org. Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd. ed. New York: Macmillan, 2005.

KAHN, P.W. Political Theology: Four New Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2011.

KAUANUI, J.K. Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2018.

KAVENY, C. Ethics at the Edges of Law: Christian Moralists and American Legal Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2017.

KEANE, W. Ethical Life: Its Natural and Social Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2015.

KENDHAMMER, B. Muslims Talking Politics: Framing Islam, Democracy, and Law in Northern Nigeria. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2016.

KENNEDY, C. Questioning culpability: lessons from soterial-legal history. Law Hum. 12(2):159–83, 2018.

KRAVEL-TOVI, M. When the State Winks: The Performance of Jewish Conversion in Israel. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2017.

KUGLE, S. Framed, blamed and renamed: the recasting of Islamic jurisprudence in colonial South Asia. Mod. Asian Stud. 35:257–313, 2001.

LABORDE, C. Liberalism’s Religion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2017.

LAU, M. Twenty-five years of hudood ordinances: a review. Washington Lee Law Rev. 64:1291–314, 2007.

LAYISH, A. The transformation of the Sharia from jurists’ law to statutory law in the contemporary Muslim world. Die Welt Islam. 44:85–113, 2004.

LEMONS, K. Divorcing Traditions: Islamic Marriage Law and the Making of Indian Secularism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 2019.

LERNER, H. Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.

LIJPHART, A. Constitutional design for divided societies. J. Democr. 15:96–109, 2004.

LINDSEY, T., PAUSACKER, H., orgs. Religion, Law, and Intolerance in Indonesia. New York: Routledge. 2016.

LLOYD, V. Black Natural Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2016.

LOFTON, K. Consuming Religion. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2017.

LONG, C. Significations: Signs, Symbols and Images in the Interpretation of Religion. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986.

LOOS, T. Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 2006.

LUBIN, T., DAVIS, D.J., KRISHNAN, J.K., orgs. Hinduism and Law: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010.

LUDIN, S. The reformation suits: litigation as constitution-making in a German imperial court, 1521–1555. PhD thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley, CA, 2019.

MAHMOOD, S. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2011.

MAHMOOD, S. Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2015.

MAHMOOD, S., DANCHIN, P. Religious freedom, the minority question, and geopolitics in the Middle East. Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 54(2):418–46. 2012.

MALLAMPALLI, C. Race, Religion and Law in Colonial India: Trials of an Interracial Family. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.

MALLAT, C. Introduction to Middle Eastern Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007.

MANCINI, S., ROSENFELD, M., orgs. Constitutional Secularism in an Age of Religious Revival. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2014.

MANN, K., ROBERTS, R., orgs. Law in Colonial Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.

MARGLIN, J. Across Legal Lines: Jews and Muslims in Modern Morocco. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 2016.

MARTIN, L.J. Edgar Hoover’s Stained Glass Window: The F.B.I. & Christian America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2020.

MASUZAWA, T. The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2005.

MELTZER, F. Reviving the fairy tree: tales of European sanctity. Crit. Inq. 35:493–520, 2009.

MERRY, S.E. Legal pluralism. Law Soc. Rev. 2:869–96,1988.

MERRY, S.E. Colonizing Hawai’i: The Cultural Power of Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000.

MESSICK, B.M. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press, 1993.

MILLER, W.I. Blood-Taking and Peace-Making. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1990.

MILLER, W.I. Hrafnkel or the Ambiguities: Hard Cases, Hard Choices. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2017.

MIR-HOSSEINI, Z. Criminalising sexuality: zina laws as violence against women in Muslim contexts. Sur 15:7–34, 2011.

MITTERMAIER, A. Giving to God: Islamic Charity in Revolutionary Times. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2019.

MODOOD, T. Essays on Secularism and Multiculturalism. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.

MOOSA, E. Tensions in legal and religious values in the 1996 South African Constitution. In Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk: Comparative Essays on the Politics of Rights and Culture, org. M. MAMDANI, pp. 121–35. New York: St. Martin’s, 2000.

MORETON, B. To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2009.

MOUSTAFA, T. Constituting religion: Islam, liberal rights, and the Malaysian state. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018.

MOYN, S. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010.

NEO, J.L., JAMAL, A.A., GOH, D.P.S., orgs. Regulating Religion in Asia: Norms, Modes, and Challenges. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019.

NEO, J.L., SON, B.N., orgs. Pluralist Constitutions in Southeast Asia. Oxford, UK: Hart, 2019.

O’BRIEN, J. Literature Incorporated: The Cultural Unconscious of the Business Corporation, 1650–1850. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2016.

ORABY, M. Authorizing religious conversion in administrative courts: law, rights and secular indeterminacy. New Divers. 17:63–75, 2015.

ORABY, M. Law, the state, and public order: regulating religion in contemporary Egypt. Law Soc. Rev. 52:574–602, 2018.

ORSI, R. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1985.

ÖZBUDUN, E., GENCKAYA, Ö.F. Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-Making in Turkey. Budapest: Cent. Eur. Univ., 2009.

PELETZ, M.G. Malaysia’s Syariah judiciary as global assemblage: Islamization, corporatization, and other transformations in context. Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 55:603–33, 2013.

PELETZ, M.G. Sharia Transformations: Cultural Politics and the Rebranding of an Islamic Judiciary. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2020.

PETERS, R. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.

QURAISHI-LANDES, A. Her honor: an Islamic critique of the rape laws of Pakistan from a woman-sensitive perspective. Mich. J. Int. Law 18:287–320, 1997.

RABB, I. Doubt in Islamic Law: A History of Legal Maxims, Interpretation, and Islamic Criminal Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015.

RAJAH, J. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse, and Legitimacy in Singapore. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014.

RICHLAND, J.B. Arguing with Tradition: The Language of Law in Hopi Tribal Court. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2008.

RICHLAND, J.B. Jurisdiction: grounding law in language. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 42:209–26, 2013.

RIVERS, J. The Law of Organized Religions: Between Establishment and Secularism. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010.

ROBERTS, N. To Be Cared For: The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2016.

ROBSON, L. States of Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press, 2017.

ROCKLIN, A. The Regulation of Religion and the Making of Hinduism in Colonial Trinidad. Chapel Hill: Univ. N.C. Press, 2019.

ROSE, G. Mourning Becomes the Law: Philosophy and Representation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996.

ROSE, G. Love’s Work: A Reckoning with Life. New York: Schocken Books, 1997.

ROSEN L. The Anthropology of Justice: Law as Culture in Islamic Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989.

RUTHERFORD, B. Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2013 (2008).

SAEED, S. Politics of Desecularization: Law and the Minority Question in Pakistan. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2016.

SAJÓ, A. Preliminaries to a concept of constitutional secularism. Int. J. Const. Law 6:605–29, 2008.

SALOMON, N. For Love of the Prophet: An Ethnography of Sudan’s Islamic State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2016.

SCHONTHAL, B. Buddhism, Politics and the Limits of the Law: The Pyrrhic Constitutionalism of Sri Lanka. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2016.

SCHONTHAL, B. Buddhist law against the state. J. Am. Acad. Relig. 87:662–92, 2019.

SEZGIN, Y. Human Rights under State-Enforced Religious Family Laws in Israel, Egypt and India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013.

SHAPIRO, B.J. ‘Beyond reasonable doubt’: the neglected eighteenth-century context. Law Hum. 8(1):19–52, 2014.

SHARAFI, M. Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia: Parsi Legal Culture, 1772–1947. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014.

SIMPSON, A. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2014.

SMITH, C. The Oracle and the Curse: A Poetics of Justice from the Revolution to the Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2013.

SMITH, J.Z. Religion, religions, religious. In Critical Terms for Religious Studies, org. M.C. TAYLOR, pp. 269–84. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998.

SMITH, W.C. The Meaning and End of Religion. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1963.

SOLANKI, G. Adjudication in Religious Family Laws: Cultural Accommodation, Legal Pluralism, and Gender Equality in India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.

SREENIVAS, M. Wives, Widows, and Concubines: The Conjugal Family Ideal in Colonial India. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2008.

STEINMAN, E.H. Legitimizing American Indian sovereignty: mobilizing the constitutive power of law through institutional entrepreneurship. Law Soc. Rev. 39(4):759–92, 2005.

STEPHENS, J. Governing Islam: Law, Empire, and Secularism in South Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018.

STERN, P.J. The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.

STILT, K. Contextualizing constitutional Islam: The Malayan experience. Int. J. Const. Law 13:407–33, 2015.

STONE, F.F. Primer on codification. Tulane Law Rev. 29:303–10, 1955.

STURMAN, R. The Government of Social Life in Colonial India: Liberalism, Religious Law, and Women’s Rights. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012.

SULLIVAN, W.F. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005.

SULLIVAN, W.F. Church State Corporation: Construing Religion in US Law. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2020.

SULLIVAN, W.F., BEAMAN, L., orgs. Varieties of Religious Establishment. New York: Ashgate, 2013.

SULLIVAN, W.F., YELLE, R.A., TAUSSIG-RUBIO, M., orgs. After Secular Law. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2011.

SURKIS, J. Sex, Law and Sovereignty in French Algeria, 1830–1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 2019.

TAUSSIG-RUBBO, M. Outsourcing sacrifice: the labor of private military contractors. Yale J. Law Hum. 21(1):105–70, 2009.

TAYLOR, M., org. Critical Terms for Religious Studies. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998.

TELLE, K. Faith on trial: blasphemy and ‘lawfare’ in Indonesia. Ethnos 83(2):371–91, 2018.

THOMAS, J. Faking Liberties: Religious Freedom in American-Occupied Japan. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2019.

TOMLINS, C. Debt, death, and redemption: toward a soterial-legal history of the Turner Rebellion. In Exploring the ‘Legal’ in Socio-Legal Studies, orgs. D. COWAN, D. WINCOTT, pp. 35–56. New York: Palgrave, 2016.

TOMLINS, C. In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2020.

TUSHNET, M., KHOSLA, M., orgs. Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015.

VACA, D. Evangelicals Incorporated: Books and the Business of Religion in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2019.

VALVERDE, M. The crown in a multicultural age: the changing epistemology of (post)colonial sovereignty. Soc. Leg. Stud. 21:3–21, 2012.

VAUGHN, O. Religion and the Making of Nigeria. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2016.

VENTER, F. Constitutionalism and Religion. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2015.

VENTIMIGLIA, A. A market in prophecy: secularism, law, and the economy of American religious publishing. J. Am. Acad. Relig. 85:629–52, 2017.

WARNER, M., VAN ANTWERPEN, J., CALHOUN, C., orgs. Varieties of Secularism in a Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2013.

WEISENFELD, J. A New World A-Coming: Black Religion and Racial Identity during the Great Migration. New York: N.Y. Univ. Press, 2016.

WEISENFELD, J. “Excessive religious excitement”: black religions in the American asylum. Presented at the American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2019.

WEISS, M. In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi‘ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010.

WHITE, B.T. The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria. Edinburgh, UK: Edinb. Univ. Press, 2011.

WITTE, J. Law and Protestantism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

YAHAYA, N. Fluid Jurisdictions: Arabs and Colonial Law in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 2020.

YELLE, R.A. Sovereignty and the Sacred: Secularism and the Political Economy of Religion. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2018.

Published

2025-03-15