Comportamento inovador como mediador
autoeficácia, ambiente de apoio e criatividade no desempenho dos funcionários
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2024v15i4p90-109Palavras-chave:
Autoeficácia, Comportamento inovador,, Desempenho dos funcionários, Ambiente de trabalho de apoio, Criatividade individualResumo
Este estudo examina o impacto da autoeficácia, ambiente de trabalho de apoio, criatividade individual e suporte organizacional percebido sobre o comportamento inovador e o desempenho dos funcionários entre designers gráficos em empresas de impressão digital em toda a província de Java Oriental, Indonésia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa com 160 designers gráficos de cinco regiões: Surabaya, Malang, Madiun, Bojonegoro e Besuki, utilizando a amostragem por julgamento para selecionar funcionários com pelo menos dois anos de experiência. O estudo emprega a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM) com o software Smart PLS para analisar as relações entre as variáveis, testando validade, confiabilidade e modelos estruturais. Os resultados indicam que a autoeficácia medeia positivamente a relação entre comportamento inovador e desempenho dos funcionários, de acordo com a teoria de Bandura, segundo a qual uma maior autoeficácia impulsiona a inovação e o desempenho. Por outro lado, um ambiente de trabalho de apoio medeia negativamente essa relação, sugerindo que muito suporte pode diminuir a inovação ao reduzir a autonomia dos funcionários. Além disso, a criatividade individual não melhora diretamente o desempenho, a menos que seja efetivamente implementada como inovação. Surpreendentemente, o suporte organizacional percebido não modera significativamente a relação entre comportamento inovador e desempenho dos funcionários, o que implica que o suporte organizacional por si só pode não ser suficiente para amplificar o impacto da inovação no desempenho. Este estudo oferece valiosas percepções para o setor de design gráfico em empresas de impressão digital, destacando a importância de equilibrar a autoeficácia e o suporte para promover o comportamento inovador. A gestão deve se concentrar em aumentar a autoeficácia dos funcionários, proporcionando um ambiente de apoio, mas sem ser excessivamente restritivo. Os resultados contribuem significativamente para o entendimento dos fatores que moldam a inovação e o desempenho no design gráfico, oferecendo uma perspectiva diferenciada de outros setores.
Referências
Adhelia Putri Salwa, & Anak Agung Ketut Diatmika. (2024). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Inklusif, Self Efficacy dan Iklim Organisasi Terhadap Perilaku Inovatif Karyawan. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 6(4), 2750–2768. https://doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v6i4.1985
Aggarwal, A., Sundar, G., & Thakur, M. (2013). Techniques of Performance Appraisal - A Review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 3, 2249–8958.
Al Daboub, R. S., Al-Madadha, A., & Al-Adwan, A. S. (2024). Fostering firm innovativeness: Understanding the sequential relationships between human resource practices, psychological empowerment, innovative work behavior, and firm innovative capability. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 8(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2023.12.001
Alarifi, G., & Adam, N. A. (2023). The Role of Participatory Leadership and Employee Innovative Behavior on SMEs’ Endurance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032740
Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., & Kramer, S. J. (2004). Leader behaviors and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support. Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.003
Anggraini, S., & Mansyur, A. (2024). Oikonomia:Jurnal Manajemen Berbagi Pengetahuan dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Perilaku Inovatif Karyawan. Oikonomia: Jurnal Manajmen, 20(1), 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/oikonomia.v20i1.3046
Ariprabowo, T. (2022). Efikasi Diri Dan Perilaku Inovatif: Peran Dukungan Organisasi. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 10, 1026–1036.
Asif, M., Yang, L., & Hashim, M. (2024). The Role of Digital Transformation, Corporate Culture, and Leadership in Enhancing Corporate Sustainable Performance in the Manufacturing Sector of China. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072651
Avrilia, G. (2024). The Effect of Non-Physical Work Environment and Work Motivation on Employee Innovative Behavior at Regional Public Companies in Paljaya Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Non fisik dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Perilaku Inovatif Karyawan Pada Perusahaan Umum Daerah . 1(1), 49–65.
Ayyah, H. R. A. N., & Murniningsih, R. (2021). Pengaruh gaya hidup halal dan self-identity terhadap halal fashion di Indonesia. UMMagelang Conference Series, 537–546.
Azizah, S. Y., & Sitohang, S. (2022). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja, Stres Kerja dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kenerja ABK. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Riset Manajemen, 11(3).
Balkar, B. (2015). The Relationships between Organizational Climate, Innovative Behavior and Job Performance of Teachers. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(2), 2010–2012. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2015.02.007
Bataineh, M. J., Sánchez-Sellero, P., & Ayad, F. (2023). The role of organizational innovation in the development of green innovations in Spanish firms. European Management Journal, 42(January 2023), 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.01.006
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (2017). The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior : A Measure and Correlates. November. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
Bock, A. J., Opsahl, T., George, G., & Gann, D. M. (2012). The Effects of Culture and Structure on Strategic Flexibility during Business Model Innovation. Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01030.x
Chughtai, M. S., & Khan, H. S. ud din. (2024). Knowledge oriented leadership and employees’ innovative performance: a moderated mediation model. Current Psychology, 43(4), 3426–3439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04502-7
Damanpour, F. (2018). Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and M oderators. Organizational Innovation, October, 127–162. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429449482-8
Darzi, M. A., Islam, S. B., Khursheed, S. O., & Bhat, S. A. (2023). Service quality in the healthcare sector: a systematic review and meta-analysis. LBS Journal of Management & Research, 21(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/lbsjmr-06-2022-0025
Dedahanov, A. T., Rhee, C., & Yoon, J. (2017). Organizational structure and innovation performance: Is employee innovative behavior a missing link? Career Development International, 22(4), 334–350. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-12-2016-0234
Dukungan, P., Terhadap, O., Di, P., & Kota, P. (2023). 1) , 2) , 3) 1. September.
Dwi Aji Pangestu, & I Dewa Ketut Raka Ardiana. (2024). Pengaruh Self Efficacy, Self Esteem, Dan Employee Engagement Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT Usaha Utama Bersaudara Surabaya. Manajemen Kreatif Jurnal, 2(3), 154–172. https://doi.org/10.55606/makreju.v2i3.3219
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
Endarwati, W. D., Subiyanto, E. D., & Septyarini, E. (2022). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Perilaku Inovatif Pegawai Smk Nasional Berbah. J-MACC : Journal of Management and Accounting, 5(2), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.52166/j-macc.v5i2.3474
Firjatullah, J., Wolor, C. W., & Marsofiyati. (2023). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja, Budaya Kerja, dan Beban Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Jurnal Manuhara : Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 2(1), 01–10.
Gede, W., Bratha, E., & Ali, H. (2024). Determinants of Employee Performance : Organizational Support , Organizational Commitment and Transformational Leadership (Literature Review). 5(3), 621–631.
Gilang Pratama Hafidz, & Az-Zahra Al-May. (2024). Hubungan Antara Employee Learning, Knowledge, Creativity, Satisfaction, Benefits, Performance Terhadap Career Growth dan Turnover Karyawan. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 6(8), 3756–3775. https://doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v6i8.2207
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x
He, P., Zhou, Q., Zhao, H., Jiang, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2020). Compulsory Citizenship Behavior and Employee Creativity: Creative Self-Efficacy as a Mediator and Negative Affect as a Moderator. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01640
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hung, B. Q., Hoa, T. A., Hoai, T. T., & Nguyen, N. P. (2024). Resilience and Performance Among Vietnamese Business Organizations in Turbulent Environments: How Do Digitalized Management Accounting Systems and Organizational Mindfulness Matter? SAGE Open, 14(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241271225
Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & West, M. (2004). The bright and dark sides of individual and group innovation: A Special Issue introduction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.242
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits - Self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability - With job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
Khairunnisa, F. (2023). Pengaruh Perceived Organizational Support (POS) dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Youth & Islamic Economic Journal, 04(01), 1–7.
Kumar, M., Mamgain, P., Pasumarti, S. S., & Singh, P. K. (2024). Organizational IT support and knowledge sharing behaviour affecting service innovation performance: empirical evidence from the hospitality industry. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 54(2), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-07-2021-0124
Kurniawan, H. (2016). Kreatif mendongeng untuk kecerdasan jamak anak. Prenada Media.
Magfijar, F. M., & Ekhsan, M. (2024). Peran innovative behavior sebagai mediasi pada pengaruh employee engagement terhadap employee performance. Oikonomia: Jurnal Manajemen, 20(2), 111–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/oikonomia.v20i2.3659
Management Association, I. R. (2017). Organizational Culture and Behavior: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=XBwhDgAAQBAJ
Maulana, R., & Azhar Wijanarko, A. (2023). the Influence of Employee Training, Compensation and Employee Creativity on Innovative Behavior (Case Study At Pt. Transportasi Jakarta). JIMEA | Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, Dan Akuntansi), 7(3), 1468–1478.
Miao, Y., Du, R., & Storey, V. C. (2020). A multilevel model for individual creativity and innovative behavior in software development. 26th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2020, 0–5.
Nyoman, I., Sutaguna, T., Yusuf, M., Ardianto, R., & Wartono, P. (2023). Asian Journal of Management Entrepreneurship and Social Science The Effect Of Competence, Work Experience, Work Environment, And Work Discipline On Employee Performance. Journal of Management Entrepreneurship and Social Science, 03(01), 367–381.
Öngel, V., Günsel, A., Gençer Çelik, G., Altındağ, E., & Tatlı, H. S. (2024). Digital Leadership’s Influence on Individual Creativity and Employee Performance: A View through the Generational Lens. Behavioral Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010003
Pancasasti, R. (2023). Peran Innovative Work Behaviour (Iwb) Dan Perceived Organizational Support (Pos) Dengan Employee Engagement Sebagai Variabel Intervening Dalam Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan Pada Umkm Coffeeshop Di Serang. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Retail, 3(02), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.47080/jumerita.v3i02.2810
Purnama, C., Rahmah, M., & Fatmah, D. (2022). Self-efficacy, Innovative Work Behavior and Job Performance in Digital Printing. BASKARA : Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.54268/baskara.5.1.1-10
Rahmah, M., Hakim, L., Fatmah, D., Purnama, C., Hasani, S., Rahmah, Y., & Rahmah, Z. Z. (2023). Pengaruh Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Jurnal Education and Development, 11(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37081/ed.v11i2.4326
Ramadhan, B. M., & Hadi Ryandono, M. N. (2015). Etos Kerja Islami Pada Kinerja Bisnis Pedagang Muslim Pasar Besar Kota Madiun. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 2(4), 274. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol2iss20154pp274-287
Ramadhani, E. O., Sudiantini, D., Luthfia, A., Bhayangkara, Z. U., Raya, J., Pasha, A., Viandra, E., Bhayangkara, U., Maulana, M. F., & Oktaviani, N. S. (2024). Pengaruh Kompensasi Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Tomoro Coffe. 2(7), 785–793.
Ramli, M. S., Ayob, N. H., Farhana, N., Azmi, M., & Zahidah, N. (2024). Enhancing Innovation in Organizations through Psychological Ownership : Exploring the Impact of Employee Mindset on Idea Realization Journal of Chemical Health Risks Enhancing Innovation in Organizations through Psychological Ownership : Exploring the Imp. May.
Ratna Sari, I. (2020). Pengaruh citra merek, kualitas produk dan celebrity endorser terhadap keputusan pembelian pada klinik kecantikan di ponorogo.(Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Prodi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo). Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo.
Reiter-Palmon, R., Kennel, V. L., & Kaufman, J. C. (2018). Individual Creativity in the Workplace. Academic Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IGpoDwAAQBAJ
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support : A Review of the Literature. 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.698
Robben, M. A. (2019). A Study of Innovative Behavior: In High Technology Product Development Organizations. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MU6wDwAAQBAJ
Sagbas, M., Oktaysoy, O., Topcuoglu, E., Kaygin, E., & Erdogan, F. A. (2023). The Mediating Role of Innovative Behavior on the Effect of Digital Leadership on Intrapreneurship Intention and Job Performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100874
Sebagai, U., & Intervening, V. (2018). Ferdinand. Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 6, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00062931
Setiawan, E., Perdana, B. C., & Sunaryo, A. (2024). The Influence of Creativity , Independence , and Leadership on Employee Performance at the Y Cooperative in Mojokerto. 3(6), 563–574.
Setyorini, E., Muhdiyanto, M., & Darmadi, R. A. (2022). Creative Self-Efficacy Dan Employee Performance: Efek Mediasi Innovative Work Behavior. 5th Prosiding Business and Economics Conference In Utilizing of Modern Technology 2022, 543–554. https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/conference/article/view/7504
Sjahruddin, H., Ariawan, A., Winoto Tj, H., Efendi, E., & Yuwanda, T. (2024). Antecedents of Innovative Work Behavior and its Impact on Business Performance. Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia, 24(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v24i1.5457
Sueb Sueb, & Sopiah Sopiah. (2023). Exploring the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Visi Manajemen, 9(2), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.56910/jvm.v9i2.287
Susanti, S., & Ardi, A. (2022). The Effect of Digital Transformational Leadership, Creative Self-Efficacy on Innovative Behaviour Mediated by Perceived Organizational Support. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(8), 3111–3120. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i8.802
Syarif, H. (2023). Pengaruh Kreativitas Individu , Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Perilaku Kerja Yang Inovatif The Influence of Individual Creativity, Job Satisfaction On Innovative Work Behavior. Jurnal Prosiding Seminar Nasional UNIMUS, 6, 56–67.
Tamimi, M., Tamam, M. B., & Sopiah. (2023). The effect of organizational support on employee performance: A systematic literature review. Asian Journal of Economics and Business Management, 2(2), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.53402/ajebm.v2i2.337
Tripathi, A., & Kalia, P. (2024). Examining the effects of supportive work environment and organisational learning culture on organisational performance in information technology companies: The mediating role of learning agility and organisational innovation. Innovation: Organization and Management, 26(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2022.2116640
Tse, H., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2018). This is the accepted version of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Business Research published by Elsevier: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-business-research/issues Accepted version made available under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 Inte. Journal of Business Research, 1–34.
Vitapamoorthy, R., Mahmood, R., & Md Som, H. (2021). The Role of Self-Efficacy and Innovative Work Behaviour in Civil Servants’ Work Performance: A Conceptual Paper. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(3), 749–761. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i3/8592
Wahyuningrum, S. M., Widianto, S., & Abdulah, R. (2012). statistics for managers using Ms. Excel. Farmasi Klinik Indonesia, 1(2), 49–55.
Watkins, D. E., & Wentzel, K. R. (2008). Training boys with ADHD to work collaboratively: Social and learning outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(4), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.01.004
Wayuhana, B. C., Hasanah, K., & Asmike, M. (2023). Pengaruh Digitalisasi Pelayanan Publik DanEfikasi Diri Terhadap Kesiapan Untuk BerubahPada Aparatur Sipil Negara Kabupaten Magetan. Seminar Inovasi Manajemen Bisnis Dan Akuntansi , 5(September), 1–9.
Wijaya, S. B., Efendi, R., & Erlansari, A. (2019). Implementasi Metode Basis Data Fuzzy Tahani Dengan Pembobotan Entropy Dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Kelayakan Pembiayaan Murabahah Griya IB Hasanah. Rekursif: Jurnal Informatika, 7(2).
Wiranegara, T. L. P., & Kartini, A. (2023). Pengaruh Self Esteem Dan Self Efficacy Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Perum Bulog Kanwil Lampung. Jurnal EK&BI, 6, 2620–7443. https://doi.org/10.37600/ekbi.v6i1.758
Wiroonrath, S., Phanniphong, K., Somnuk, S., & Na-Nan, K. (2024). Impact of leader support on open innovation: The mediating role of organizational culture, intellectual property, and collaboration. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(3), 100333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100333
Wolly Sandria, Adi Rahmat, Agus Seswandi, & Wella Sandria. (2022). Organizational Support Effect And Work Engagement On Employee Adaptive Performance. Management Studies and Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(4), 2450–2462. http://journal.yrpipku.com/index.php/msej
Wu, G. F., & Li, M. (2023). Impact of inclusive leadership on employees’ innovative behavior: A relational silence approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(March), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1144791
Yang, H., & Zhou, D. (2022). Perceived Organizational Support and Creativity of Science-Technology Talents in the Digital Age: The Effects of Affective Commitment, Innovative Self-Efficacy and Digital Thinking. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2421–2437. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S378141
Yanti, V., Akil, N., & Bas, A. H. M. (2023). Pengaruh Self-Efficacy dan Locus of Control terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Putra Banyumas Perkasa di Makassar. Journal of Applied Management and Business Research (JAMBiR), 3(2), 132–138.
Zahoor, N., Zopiatis, A., Adomako, S., & Lamprinakos, G. (2023). The micro-foundations of digitally transforming SMEs: How digital literacy and technology interact with managerial attributes. Journal of Business Research, 159(January 2022), 113755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113755
Zhafirah Hanan, Ritha F. Dalimunthe, & Yeni Absah. (2024). The Influence of Employee Engagement and Self-Efficacy on Employee Performance Through Innovative Work Behavior at Pt Asam Jawa Medan. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(8), 3947–3958. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v3i8.9898
Zhou, J., & Hoever, I. J. (2014). Research on Workplace Creativity: A Review and Redirection. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091226
Zhou, K. (2021). The Influence of Creative Personality and Goal Orientation on Innovation Performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(April), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634951
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Esta obra está licenciada sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição - No comercial - Sin derivaciones 4.0 Internacional
1.O(s) autor(es) autoriza(m) a publicação do artigo na revista;
2.O(s) autor(es) garante(m) que a contribuição é original e inédita e que não está em processo de avaliação em outra(s) revista(s);
3.A revista não se responsabiliza pelas opiniões, ideias e conceitos emitidos nos textos, por serem de inteira responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es);
4.É reservado aos editores o direito de proceder ajustes textuais e de adequação do artigos às normas da publicação.
1.1 Copyright Statement
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivers 4.0 International license.
1. The author (s) authorize the publication of the article in the journal;
2. The author (s) warrant that the contribution is original and unpublished and is not in the process of being evaluated in other journal (s);
3. The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts emitted in the texts, as they are the sole responsibility of its author (s);
4. The editors are entitled to make textual adjustments and to adapt the articles to the standards of publication.
