Estrategias de manipulación en portadas de prensa de oposición antes del golpe de Estado de Brasil 1964
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460X202440365309Keywords:
Portadas de prensa, Golpe de Estado en Brasil 1964, Estrategias de manipulación, multimodalidad, Análisis crítico del discursoAbstract
The aim of the article is to analyze and describe the manipulation strategies employed by opposition newspapers prior to the 1964 coup d'état in Brazil. The corpus consisted of 81 front pages from the newspapers Correio da manhã, O Globo, and Folha de São Paulo during the 30 days leading up to the coup. All three newspapers opposed the government of João Goulart and supported the subsequent dictatorship. We approached the study from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), conceptualizing manipulation as a form of argumentation involving an abuse of power that exclusively benefits the sender. Our methods included the analysis of themes, negative evaluation, layout, and argumentative strategies on the front pages, followed by a historical interpretation of these findings. The main outcome of the research indicates that the front pages did not employ a strategy of direct attack on the government; instead, they nuanced negative stories with positive ones and presented information without evaluation, thereby portraying an ethos close to objectivity while concealing their coup intentions in the editorials featured on the front pages.
Keywords: Press Front Pages, 1964 brazilian coup d´état, Manipulation Strategies, Multimodality, Critical discourses analysis
References
Amorim, P. (2015). O quarto poder. Uma outra história. Hedra.
Aristóteles (1999). Retórica (Trad. Q. Racionero). Gredos.
Alba-Juez, L. & Thompson, G. (2014) The many faces and phases of evaluation. In G. Thompson, & L. Alba-Juez (Eds.), Evaluation in context (pp. 2-27). John Benjamins.
Bandeira, M. (1977). O governo João Goulart. As lutas sociais no Brasil 1961-1964. Civilização Brasileira.
Barthes, R. (2009). Lo obvio y lo obtuso. Imágenes, gestos y voces. Paidós.
Bateman, J, Delin, J., & Henshel, R. (2006). Mapping the multimodal genres of traditional and electronic newspapers. In T. Royce, & W. Bowcher (Eds.), New Directions in the Analysis of Multimodal Discourse (pp. 147-162). Routledge.
Bednarek, M. & Caple, H. (2012). News Discourse. Continuum.
Bednarek, M. & Caple, H. (2016). The discourse of news values. Oxford University Press.
Bell, A. (1991). The language of news media. Blackwell.
Castells, M. (2012). Comunicación y poder. Siglo XXI
Conboy, M. (2007). The language of the news. Routledge.
De Castro, J. (2021). Guerra cultural e retórica do ódio. Vozes.
Dreifuss, R. (2008). 1964: A conquista do Estado. Ação política, poder e golpe de classe. Editora Vozes.
Delin, J; Bateman, J. & Allen, P. (2003). A model of genre in document layout. Information design journal. 11(1), 54-66. https://doi.org/10.1075/idj.11.1.10del
Deleuze, G. & Parnet, C. (1980). Diálogos. Pre-textos. Soler S.A.
Del Valle, C. (2021). La construcción mediática del enemigo. Cultura indígena y guerra informativa en Chile. Comunicación Social.
Dewey, J. (1943). Theory of valuation. University of Chicago Press.
Durán, C. (1995). El Mercurio. Ideología y propaganda 1954-1994. Ensayos de interpretación bi-lógica y psico-histórica. CESOC.
Eco, U. (2017). Construir al enemigo y otros escritos. Penguin Random House.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Media Discourse. Arnold.
Frascara, J. (2015). El poder de la imagen. Reflexiones sobre comunicación visual. Infinito.
Fortunato, J. (2012). Making media content. The influence of constituency groups o mass media. Routledge.
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the Press. Routledge.
Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433650020010
Gramsci, A. (2018). Antología. Akal.
Halliday, M. (1984). An introduction to functional grammar. Edward Arnold.
Herman, E. & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. Pantheon.
Hodge, R. & Kress, G. (1979). Language as ideology. Routledge
Jelin, E. (2002). Los trabajos de la memoria. Siglo XXI.
Kress, G. & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading images. The grammar of visual design. Routledge Taylor and Francis.
Kress, G. & van Leeuwen, T. (2022) [1998]: Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout. In A. Bell, & P. Garrett (Eds.), Approaches to Media Discourse (pp. 186-220). Blackwell.
Lemke, J. (1995). Textual politics. Taylor & Francis.
Machado, J. (2016). 1964 Golpe midiático-civil-militar. Meridional.
Machado, J. (2018). Raízes do conservadorismo brasileiro. A abolição na imprensa e no imaginário social. Civilização brasileira.
Machin, D. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2004). Global media: Generic homogeneity and discursive diversity. Journal of media & cultural studies, 18(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/1030431032000181021
Middlestadt, S. & Barnhurst, K. (1999). The influence of layout on the perceived tone of news articles. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(2), 264-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990990760020
Painter, C; Martin, J. & Unsworth, L. (2013). Reading visual narratives. Image Analysis of children´s picture books. Equinox.
Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). In R. Wodak, & M. Meyer (Eds), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 23-61). Sage.
Saunders, F. (2021). La CIA y la guerra fría cultural. Debate.
Soules, M. (2015). Media, persuasion and propaganda. Edinburgh University Press.
Stern, S. (2013). Luchando por mentes y corazones. Las batallas por la memoria en el Chile de Pinochet. Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales.
Thompson, J. (1995). Ideología y cultura moderna. Teoría crítica social en la era de las comunicaciones de masa. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.
Thompson, G. & Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation: An introduction. In S. Hunston, & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in text (pp. 1-27). Oxford University Press.
Thompson, G. & Alba-Juez, L. (2014). Evaluation in context. John Benjamins.
van Dijk, T. (1990). La noticia como discurso. Comprensión, estructura y producción de la información. Paidós.
van Dijk, T. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse and Society, 17(3), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506060250
van Dijk, T. (2009). Discurso y poder. Gedisa.
van Dijk, T. (2011). Discourse studies and hermeneutics. Discourse Studies, 13(5), 609-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611412762
Voloshinov, V. (2009). El marxismo y la filosofía del lenguaje. Alianza editorial.
Williams, R. (2013). Los medios de comunicación social. Ediciones Península.
Wodak, R. (2011) Us and them: inclusion and exclusion- discrimination via discourse. In G. Delanty; R. Wodak & P. Jones (Eds.), Identity, Belonging and Migration (pp. 54-78). Liverpool University Press.
Wodak, R. (2021). The politics of fear. The shameless normalization of far-right discourse. Sage.
