Ouvrir la route vers l’apocalypse : Oppenheimer et Hiroshima

Oppenheimer and Hiroshima

Auteurs-es

  • The Catholic University of Lille

Mots-clés :

Hibakusha, film, victimologie de Oppenheimer, témoignage

Résumé

La sortie en salles de Christopher Nolan Oppenheimer a eu lieu le 21 juillet 2023. Il a reçu des critiques excellentes. En octobre 2023, le film n'était pas encore sorti au Japon, mais les critiques japonais n'ont pas tardé à souligner que le film ne traite pas de la mort et de la destruction à Hiroshima et Nagasaki. Les plus de 200 000 morts et les survivants sont largement absents du film. Enfin, même si le film ne célèbre pas celui surnommé le « père de l’atome », il le décrit néanmoins comme un personnage sympathique. Ce traitement est répréhensible. Le film de Nolan ne porte pas sur la décision de larguer deux armes nucléaires sur le Japon. Ce n'est pas un documentaire. Pourtant, le scientifique Oppenheimer ne peut jamais être séparé des armes atomiques et du massacre de civils. Il est vrai qu'il a été torturé par le résultat de son travail, mais il était conscient de ce qu'il faisait. Un thème sous-jacent de cet essai concerne les dangers de l’orgueil. Cet essai tente de démontrer comment la mémoire d’Hiroshima et celle d’Oppenheimer sont liées en tant qu’icônes contestées. Nolan a réalisé ce film dans une Amérique hyperpolarisée. Les fonctions didactiques devraient trouver un écho auprès de son public. Oppenheimer, un brillant intellectuel juif érudit de gauche de New York, a été humilié et chassé de la vie publique à une époque de politique hystérique de droite anticommuniste. Le spectre du populisme de droite plane sur le film et est le fil conducteur de cet essai.

Biographie de l'auteur-e

, The Catholic University of Lille

Paul Scott is professor at the Catholic University of Lille. After more than thirty years teaching in Japan, Paul D. Scott, currently lives in Paris. He serves as a translator/interpreter for Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors and is part of a UNESCO project to record these stories. His most recent book is: Peace Democracy Development, co-authored with Dr. Johan Galtung. 

paulscott1950@hotmail.com

Références

ALPEROVITZ, Gar. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. New York: Knopf, 1995. Available at: <https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/truman-hiroshima/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

ANNOUNCING the bombing of Hiroshima. Truman informs the nation that an atomic weapon has been detonated in Japan. The White House, Washington, D.C., 1945. Available at: <https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/truman-hiroshima/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

ARMSTRONG, Davie. 9000-9600 Catholics killed at Nagasaki in August 1945. Patheos [online], 2017. History and Religion. Available at: <https://www.patheos.com/blogs/davearmstrong/2017/01/9000-9600-catholics-killed-nagasaki-august-1945.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

BEAN, Hamilton. Chinese students confront the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Colorado: University of Colorado, Denver, 2020. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343498414_Chinese_Students_Confront_the_Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

BIRD, Kai. SHERWIN, Martin J. American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Vintage Books, 2006.

BLUMENTHAL, David. Auschwitz and Hiroshima: icons of our century. Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University, 2006. Available at: < http://davidblumenthal.org/HolocAndHirosh.html#fn0>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

BUREN, Peter Van. The myth of Hiroshima. HuffPost [online], 2017. Politics. Available at: <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-myth-of-hiroshima_b_5943d82de4b0d188d027fd76>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

CAMUS, Albert. Between Hell and reason, 1945. Available at: <https://sniadecki.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/camus-hell/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

CAUSAL Marketing Research: Three levels of causation. Available at: < http://media.acc.qcc.cuny.edu/faculty/volchok/causalMR/CausalMR3.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

BRONOWSKI, Jacob. The ascent of man. Production: British Broadcasting; BBC Books, 1973. Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltjI3BXKBgY>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

DANZIG, David. Countering the Jack Bauer effect: an examination of how to limit the influence of TV’s most popular, and most brutal, Hero. In Fabiola Fernandez Salek (ed.), Screening Torture: Media Representations of State Terror and Political Domination. New York, NY, 2012; online edn, Columbia Scholarship Online, 2015. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231153591.003.0002>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

EBIRI, Bilge. The ‘Troubling Reverberations’ at the end of Oppenheimer, explained. New York Vulture, 2023. Available at: <https://www.vulture.com/article/oppenheimer-ending-explained-christopher-nolan.html>. Accessed in: 30/09/2023.

GENERAL Paul Tibbets: reflections on Hiroshima. Direction: Dan Kramer. Production: St. John/Tibbet. Olentangy Production, Inc. Columbus, Ohio, 1989. Available at: <https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/voices/oral-histories/general-paul-tibbets-reflections-hiroshima/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

GERMAN atomic bomb project. In: Atomic Heritage Foundation, 2016. Available at: <https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/german-atomic-bomb-project/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

HERSEY, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. Available at: < https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1946/08/31/hiroshima>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

HIROSHIMA: why the bomb was dropped. Director: Peter Jennings. Production: ABC & Neeraj Khemlani. USA: ABC, 1995. Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-WnLNLe3sk&t=2617s>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

JAPAN'S struggle to end the war. In: United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Washington, D.C., July 1st, 1946. Available at: <https://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#jstetw>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

LENARD, Philipp. HABER, Heinz. Physics and national socialism: an anthology. Birkhäuser, 2011.

LOZADA, Carlos. The cost of sentimentalizing war: has the American myth of the good war helped ensnare us in bad ones? The New Yorker, 22 November 2021.

MONK, Ray. Robert Oppenheimer: a life inside the center. New York; Toronto: Doubleday, pp. 467-77, 2012.

NTPR: Hiroshima and Nagasaki occupation forces. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Fact Sheet. Fort Belvoir, VA, 2021. Available at: <https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/125/Documents/NTPR/newDocs/6-DTRA-NTPR%20FS_H-N-2021.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

POLITICO. Emmanuel Macron says France won't tear down statues amid anti-racism protests. 2020. Available at: <https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-says-france-wont-tear-down-statues-amid-anti-racism-protests/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

SAMET, Elizabeth D. Looking for the good war: American amnesia and the violent pursuit of happiness. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2021.

STIMSON, Henry L. The decision to use the atomic bomb. Harper's Magazine 194:1167 (February 1947): 97-107. Available at: <https://harpers.org/archive/2017/12/terms-of-surrender/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

STOKES, Bruce. 70 years after Hiroshima, opinions have shifted on use of atomic bomb. Pew Research Center [online], Washington, DC. 2015. War & International Conflict. Available at: <https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/08/04/70-years-after-hiroshima-opinions-have-shifted-on-use-of-atomic-bomb/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

STOUT, Cushing. Conscience, science and security: the case of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. In: The Berkeley Series in American History. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963.

SWEIGART, Emilie. Latin America's controversial statues: will they fall? Americas Quarterly, 2020. Available at: https://americasquarterly.org/article/latin-americas-controversial-statues-will-they-fall/. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

TADDONIO, Patrice. Watch: how the CIA helped make 'Zero Dark Thirty'. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 2015. Available at:<https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/watch-how-the-cia-helped-make-zero-dark-thirty/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

THE ATOMIC cafe. Direction and Production: Kevin Rafferty, Jayne Loader and Pierce Rafferty. New York City: Libra Films, 1982. Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9xQTJ-kbUk>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

THE DECISION to use the atomic bomb. Direction: Fred Freed. Production: NBC news, 1965. Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JWxIVVeV98>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

THOMAS, W. N.; BRONOWSKI, Jacob; et al. The effects of the atomic bombs dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki: report of the British mission to Japan. Publication No. NP-1156. Tennessee: US Atomic Energy Commission, 1946. Available at: <https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4430289>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

ULLMAN, Harlan. Shock & awe: achieving rapid dominance. Washington D.C.: The National Defense University, 1996. Available at: <http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Ullman_Shock.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

UNITED States Atomic Energy Commission. J. Robert Oppenheimer transcription. Washington, D. C.: Alderson Reporting Company, 1954. Available at: <https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/Oppenheimer%20hearings/Vol%20V%20Oppenheimer.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

The UNITED States strategic bombing surveys. Reprinted by Air University Press and Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 1987. Available at: <https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a421958.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

VATICAN deplores use of atom bomb; official press office says the weapon has created an unfavorable impression. The New York Times, 1945. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/08/archives/vatican-deplores-use-of-atom-bomb-official-press-office-says-the.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

VINCENT, James. Elon Musk and top AI researchers call for pause on ‘Giant AI Experiments’. The Verge, 2023. Available at: <https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/29/23661374/elon-musk-ai-researchers-pause-research-open-letter>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

WARZEL, Charlie. The real lesson from the making of the atomic bomb. The Atlantic, 2023. Available at:< https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/07/richard-rhodes-making-of-the-atomic-bomb-ai/674777/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2023.

Téléchargements

Publié-e

2023-11-14

Numéro

Vol. 48 No. 1 (2023): Galáxia

Rubrique

Artigos | Articles

Licence

(c) Tous droits réservés Galaxia 2023

Licence Creative Commons

Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.